Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) refers to the reactive oxygen molecules generated within the mitochondria, which are known to play a role in various physiological and pathological processes. Research in this area focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which mitochondrial ROS are produced, their roles in cellular signaling pathways, and their implications in diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. Studies in this field often aim to develop strategies for targeting mitochondrial ROS to potentially treat or prevent these diseases.